Video - Wikipedia. This article is about the storage and reproduction medium. For their content and production, see Film.

For other uses, see Video (disambiguation). Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of movingvisualmedia.[1]Video was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) systems which were later replaced by flat panel displays of several types. Video systems vary in display resolution, aspect ratio, refresh rate, color capabilities and other qualities.

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So, you bought an Amazon Echo during Prime Day, but you’re not sure what to do with it other than ask it silly questions, set timers, and roll a dice. Before you. Video is an electronic medium for the recording, copying, playback, broadcasting, and display of moving visual media. Video was first developed for mechanical.

Analog and digital variants exist and can be carried on a variety of media, including radio broadcast, magnetic tape, optical discs, computer files, and network streaming. History. Video technology was first developed for mechanical television systems, which were quickly replaced by cathode ray tube (CRT) television systems, but several new technologies for video display devices have since been invented. Video was originally exclusively a live technology. Charles Ginsburg led an Ampex research team developing one of the first practical video tape recorder (VTR). In 1. 95. 1 the first video tape recorder captured live images from television cameras by converting the camera's electrical impulses and saving the information onto magnetic video tape. Video recorders were sold for US $5.

US $3. 00 per one- hour reel.[2] However, prices gradually dropped over the years; in 1. Sony began selling videocassette recorder (VCR) decks and tapes into the consumer market.[3]The use of digital techniques in video created digital video, which allows higher quality and, eventually, much lower cost than earlier analog technology. After the invention of the DVD in 1. Blu- ray Disc in 2. Advances in computer technology allows even inexpensive personal computers and smartphones to capture, store, edit and transmit digital video, further reducing the cost of video production, allowing program- makers and broadcasters to move to tapeless production. The advent of digital broadcasting and the subsequent digital television transition is in the process of relegating analog video to the status of a legacy technology in most parts of the world. As of 2. 01. 5[update], with the increasing use of high- resolution video cameras with improved dynamic range and color gamuts, and high- dynamic- range digital intermediate data formats with improved color depth, modern digital video technology is converging with digital film technology.

Characteristics of video streams. Number of frames per second. Frame rate, the number of still pictures per unit of time of video, ranges from six or eight frames per second (frame/s) for old mechanical cameras to 1. PAL standards (Europe, Asia, Australia, etc.) and SECAM (France, Russia, parts of Africa etc.) specify 2. NTSC standards (USA, Canada, Japan, etc.) specify 2. Film is shot at the slower frame rate of 2.

The minimum frame rate to achieve a comfortable illusion of a moving image is about sixteen frames per second.[5]Interlaced vs progressive. Video can be interlaced or progressive.

Interlacing was invented as a way to reduce flicker in early mechanical and CRT video displays without increasing the number of complete frames per second, which would have sacrificed image detail to remain within the limitations of a narrow bandwidth. The horizontal scan lines of each complete frame are treated as if numbered consecutively, and captured as two fields: an odd field (upper field) consisting of the odd- numbered lines and an even field (lower field) consisting of the even- numbered lines. Analog display devices reproduce each frame in the same way, effectively doubling the frame rate as far as perceptible overall flicker is concerned. When the image capture device acquires the fields one at a time, rather than dividing up a complete frame after it is captured, the frame rate for motion is effectively doubled as well, resulting in smoother, more lifelike reproduction (although with halved detail) of rapidly moving parts of the image when viewed on an interlaced CRT display, but the display of such a signal on a progressive scan device is problematic.

NTSC, PAL and SECAM are interlaced formats. Abbreviated video resolution specifications often include an i to indicate interlacing. For example, PAL video format is often specified as 5. In progressive scan systems, each refresh period updates all scan lines in each frame in sequence. When displaying a natively progressive broadcast or recorded signal, the result is optimum spatial resolution of both the stationary and moving parts of the image.

When displaying a natively interlaced signal, however, overall spatial resolution is degraded by simple line doubling—artifacts such as flickering or "comb" effects in moving parts of the image appear unless special signal processing eliminates them. Watch Original Sin Online Hitfix here. A procedure known as deinterlacing can optimize the display of an interlaced video signal from an analog, DVD or satellite source on a progressive scan device such as an LCD Television, digital video projector or plasma panel. Deinterlacing cannot, however, produce video quality that is equivalent to true progressive scan source material.

Aspect ratio. Aspect ratio describes the dimensions of video screens and video picture elements. All popular video formats are rectilinear, and so can be described by a ratio between width and height. The screen aspect ratio of a traditional television screen is 4: 3, or about 1. High definition televisions use an aspect ratio of 1. The aspect ratio of a full 3.

Academy ratio) is 1. Pixels on computer monitors are usually square, but pixels used in digital video often have non- square aspect ratios, such as those used in the PAL and NTSC variants of the CCIR 6. Therefore, a 7. 20 by 4. NTSC DV image displayes with the 4: 3 aspect ratio (the traditional television standard) if the pixels are thin, and displays at the 1. The popularity of viewing video on mobile phones has led to the growth of vertical video. Mary Meeker, a partner at Silicon Valley venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, highlighted the growth of vertical video viewing in her 2.

Internet Trends Report – growing from 5% of video viewing in 2. Vertical video ads like Snapchat’s are watched in their entirety 9. Heroes Season 3 Episode 9. X more than landscape video ads.[6] The format was rapidly taken up by leading social platforms and media publishers such as Mashable[7] In October 2.

Grabyo launched technology to help video publishers adapt horizotonal 1. Color space and bits per pixel. Example of U- V color plane, Y value=0. Color model name describes the video color representation. YIQ was used in NTSC television. It corresponds closely to the YUV scheme used in NTSC and PAL television and the YDb. Dr scheme used by SECAM television.

The number of distinct colors a pixel can represent depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A common way to reduce the amount of data required in digital video is by chroma subsampling (e. Because the human eye is less sensitive to details in color than brightness, the luminance data for all pixels is maintained, while the chrominance data is averaged for a number of pixels in a block and that same value is used for all of them. For example, this results in a 5.

This process does not reduce the number of possible color values that can be displayed, it reduces the number of distinct points at which the color changes. Video quality. Video quality can be measured with formal metrics like PSNR or with subjective video quality using expert observation. The subjective video quality of a video processing system is evaluated as follows: Choose the video sequences (the SRC) to use for testing. Choose the settings of the system to evaluate (the HRC). Choose a test method for how to present video sequences to experts and to collect their ratings. Invite a sufficient number of experts, preferably not fewer than 1.

Carry out testing.